Immediate Effects Of Smoking

1)Coughing is often the result of smoking.
2)Smoking causes headche vomiting and stomach-ache.
3)Bad breathing.
4)Giddiness and nausea.
5)It causes heart beating faster.

Causes For smoking

We find that sub-consciously smokers have fallen in a habit simply by imitating the smokers in the society.If we ask smokers, we can find different answers to the smokers in the society.However, the main causes for smoking are listed below.
1)Sometimes as a matter of joke and fun and under the pressure of otherbad company.
2)If all the members at home have a habit to smoke,the children also imitate such habit.
3)Some people begin to smoke by the influence of smokers in their society or working places.
4)Some young person begin to smoke as a fashion.
5)Not only the smokers,non-smokers too are equally affected with smoking if thy are nearer to a smoker.

Smoking

Smoking is the habit of using various forms of tobacco.It includes cigarettes,tobacco ,sigar, ’khaini’ etc.Tobacco is openly used in the whole world though it is a kind of intoxication.In tobacco there is a kind of chemical substances called nicotine.It is a powerful poison.Even a drop of nicotine may cause death.
Tobacco particularly affects the mind and nerves of the users.Tobacco smoking directly affects the lungs,heart and blood.The smokes includes vaporized chemical s,gases,particles of ash and nicotine.All these are harmful substances to health.Among them carcionogens causes cancer and other fatal diseases too.

Cancer

What is cancer?How cancer forms in a human body?Why cancer is a dangerous disease?How do u defined the term cancer?Many peoples have might heard about the word cancer but may have not understand about the disease cancer.I have tried to explain something new and different about cancer.Our body is made up of group of cells.It divides and the continuous growth takes place as per the requirements.Simply, cancer is the name of disease that occurs when the uncontrolled growth of cell in a human body begins.Most of the cancers creates a lump which is known as tumor.It affects the people of all ages.There are different types of cancer.Cancer is a serious disease.There are different phases of cancer.In first phase it stays as usual,in phase two it starts spreading different parts of the body,in third phase the symptoms of the disease starts to seen like the inactivation of cells or the muscles is dead,which means in the fourth phase the unwanted cells or the multiplication of cells fully grows and the fails in the lungs,hearts,livers,stomachs,kidney,brain etc takes places which causes the death of the people.However,some of the cancer diseases can also be cured.The treatment of cancer disease can be done by doing surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.The smoking is the most essential factor to cause cancer disease.Which directly or indirectly causes lung cancer.If u can stop smoking or if u don't smoke that means u are 30% away from the disease cancer.There are many prevention methods about cancer and symptoms.

Mesothelioma Diagnosis

A Mesothelioma Diagnosis is very difficult.The diagnosis usually comes out from exposure to asbestos.It should be done carefully.A mesothelioma diagnosis is often so unexpected because it can occur even twenty or thirty years after the person was exposed to asbestos and sometimes longer than that. Some of these people may have completely forgotten that they were even exposed to asbestos but their bodies have not forgotten and asbestos fibers can get into the lungs and other areas of the body and remain there, irritating the area until mesothelioma eventually develops.A diagnosis is not a death sentence.This does not mean every people will survive and it also doesn't mean everyone will die.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is the type of disease which can be called as the rare form of cancer.It is a serious disease.Mesothelioma is most commonly occur in the chest cavity and outer lining of the lungs.Mesothelioma is caused by due to the exposure to asbestos.There is a layer of specialized cells in the chest,abdominal cavities as well in the cavity around the heart which is known as Mesothelial cells and the tissues formed by such type of cells is called mesothelium. Mesotheliom does not occur until 20-50 years after exposure to asbestos.It is also evident that Mesothelioum also caused due to the other agents like radiation,viruses and man made fibres.There is no relationship between mesothelioma and smoking.
Symptoms:
1)Shortness of breath.
2)Cough.
3)Fever.
4)Weight loss.
5)Abdominal pain,vomiting and nausea.
6)Fatigue or anemia
Prevention:
Awareness programme is the most essential factor to prevent Mesotheloima diseases.Any clothes worn while working with asbestos should be left at the site.The treatment with chemotherapy,radiation therapy,immuno therapy,surgery can be done to prevent mesothelioma disease.

Night blindness

If a child cannot see well in din light,it is called night blindness.It can also be seen in adults while they experience difficulty in reading or driving the car in dim light.It is mainly caused due to the deficiency of vitamin 'A' in food we take.An infant may get this disease if the mother has vitamin 'A' deficiency.It is common in regions where the vitamin 'A' intake is inadequate.
Symptoms:
1)The children cannot see objects in dim light.
2)They do not move from one place to other especially in the evening.
3)The conjunctiva is dry and wrinkled.
Prevention:
1) The children must be prevented from gastrointestinal diseases.
2)The rules of personal hygiene must be followed.
3)Food containing vitamin 'A' is found in dark green leaf vegetables,pumpkin,carrot,papaya,mango,egg,fish,meat,milk.Beside these vitamin 'A' capsule is also available.

Anaemia

The disturbance in the formation of haemoglobin and defective malnutrition of red blood cells referred anaemia.The problem is prevalent mostly in children,woman and in pregnant woman.This cause due to deficiencies of iron,copper,f ollic acid or vitamin B12.It may also be caused due to loss of blood or destruction of RBC.
Symptoms:
1)Haemoglobin concentration falls below the normal age.
2)The patient may feel tiredness,pallor,dizziness,and muscles weakness.
3)He may also fell breathlessness on exertion,and impaired performance.
4)Loss of appetite is found in children.
Prevention:
1)Supply foodstuffs,which contain iron, follic acid and vitamin B12.They are livers,meat,fish,egg,green leaf vegetables.,cereal,beans and peas.
2)If anemia is occurred due to infestation of hookworms it must be cured first.To prevent hook worm one should not walk with the bare foot.
3)Iron tablets can also be supplied in case of emergency.

Kwashiorker

Kwashiorker is a protein deficiency diseases.In this case there is extreme degree of protein calorie malnutrition,although their calories from carbohydrates are sufficient.It is usually seen in children below five years of age.
Symptoms:
1)Decreased body lengths and low body weight manifest growth failure.
2)Retention of water in the body.
3)Presence of subcutaneous fat.
4)Moon face is present.
5)Diarrhoea is present.
Prevention:
1)Children should be frequently fed by the nutritious food.
2)Feed such foods,which contain protein.
3)Encourage breast feeding.
4)Let the children be checked if they have another health problems.

Marasmus

Marasmus is a common childhood health problem caused by protein calorie malnutrition.It is also called PEM (protein energy malnutrition).It is seen most commonly in weaned infants of about one year of age.
Symptoms:
1)Loss of weight is much more marked then decrease in height.
2)The child is usually below 60% of the standard weight.
3)The muscles of the child are wasted.
4)The arms are thin and the skin is loose and dry.
Prevention:
1)Proper care of females is a must from antenatal to postnatal period.
2)Encourage breast feeding.
3)Supply solid food when the child is growing.
4)Prompt treatment of affected children is must.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is the state produced by the result of deficiency or excess supply of any essential nutrients of food.It includes both under nutrition and over nutrition.Therefore,the faces of malnutrition can be classified into the following four types:
1)Under nutrition causes if an individual is not given the required calories.
2)malnutrition causes if an individual is not supplied with enough nutrients though enough food is available.
3)Specific deficiency of nutrients mostly occurs in terms of vitamins and minerals.
4)Over nutrition causes if the supply of food is higher as per the individual's requirement.
However,the general people consider malnutrition as the synonym of under nutrition.Therefore it is tried here to describe some deficiency diseases,which are prevalent in some of the list developed countries.

Balanced diets

A Balanced diet contains the various groups of nutrients,particularly proteins and vitamins and meets a person caloric needs.The components of a balanced diet differ according to age,sex,physical activity and the physiological state.Balanced diet should have 50-60% carbohydrates 30-50% fats,and 10-15% proteins with necessary vitamins and minerals.In conclusion,we should choose at least one foodstuff from the following groups so that we can have a balanced diet.

Water

Water is essential for life next to air.It is the largest constituent of the body.About 60-70 percent of the total body weight consist of water.Water has dominant roles in our body.It maintains the body temperature,electrolyte balance and state of fluiding of lymph, blood and all secretions.It also forms and excreta,the waste product from the body.Water can be found from rain,spring,river,lake,sea and so on.However,care must be taken whether or not the water is safe.

Vitamins

Vitamins are the part of enzymes that regulate chemical reaction in the body.The body of this various metabolic requires them.These do not supply energy but have protective functions.Vitamins can be classified as fat soluble( vitamins A,D,E and K) and water soluble(vitamin B complex and C).The sources of vitamins are egg,fish,meat.liver,oil,milk,carrot,tomato,unpolished rice,wheat,cauliflower,cabbage,yeast,fruits and vegetables.

Minerals

Minerals are elements as metal,halogens, and so on.Which are required for the normal functioning of the body.They are the basic elements found in the soil.They are the picked up from the soil by plants.When we eat plants and animals,which eat plants,we incorporate, the minerals into our bodies.Calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorous, potassium, iodine, iron, copper and zinc are the some important minerals,which are needed for our body.Minerals are found in milk, eggs, fish, liver, vegetables, beans, fruits etc.

Proteins

Proteins are made up of various types of amino-acids,which consists of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulphur,etc.proteins are the most essential of all the nutrients of food are required for building up tissues in the body as well as repairing the worn-out tissues of the body.Proteins are found in egg,meat,wheat,pea,beans and lentils.

Fats

Fats are hydrocarbons consisting of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.But the ratio of hydrogen and and oxygen is not the same as in water(H2O).Fats supply more energy to the body than any other food.They also prevent the loss of heat from the body.The sources of fats are meat,eggs,fish,milk,butter,ghee,oil etc.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen an oxygen as constituents.They are the ready source of heat and energy for the body.Carbohydrates are chiefly stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen.The chief sources of Carbohydrates are rice,wheat,maize,barley,turnip,potato,sweet potato,yam,sugarcane and honey etc.

Nutrition

Lusk,Graham has defined nutrition as " the sum processes concerned with growth,maintenance, and repair of the living body as a whole or of its constituent parts".Nutrition is primarily concerned with supply of essential food stuff to all the cells within the body that enable the cells to carry on their proper functions.
Many aspects affect health of an individual.One of the major aspects is nutrition.It is said that individuals health is the product of what we eats.Therefore,an individual must take food from different groups so that he/she may fulfil his/her requirements.The food that we eat should contain appropriate amounts of fat,protein,carbohydrates,vitamins,minerals and water.In addition to take the adequate nutrients it must be ascertained that these are properly digested,absorbed and transported to the tissues and utilized by the tissue cells.This process can help us to maintain our body as a whole.Chemically,the nutrients can be divided into six groups...These groups are classifed as follow.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a fetal disease.It is called syndrome because of several signs and symptoms involved in it.It is caused by a retro virus known as the human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV) which breaks down the body's immune system.

Although AIDS was first recognized in USA in 1981.However it is assumed that more than 20 million people are suffering from AIDS. The HIV AIDS reached the Asia relatively late,but has spread rapidly in the last few years.It is estimated that by 2000 A.D.,8 to 10 million people are likely to become infected with HIV within the South-East Region.
AIDS is transmitted when blood,semen or vaginal secretion of an infected person come in contact with blood or mucus membranes of healthy person.

How does the virus spread?
1) By sexual intercourse,when one of the
partner is infected.
2)BY contaminated needles and syringes.
3)By transfusion of infected blood.
4)By an infected mother to her unborn child.
How does the virus not spread?
1)By shakeing hands.
2)By living together.
3)By playing together.
4)By eating together.
6)BY insects.
5)By food,water.
7)By toilet seats.
8)By hugging.
Symptoms:
Major signs:
1)Weight loss more than 10% of body weight.
2)Continuous diarrohea for more than one month.
3)Continuous fever for more than one month.
Minor signs:
1)Persistent cough for more than one month.
2)Generalized itchy skin diseases.
3)Seen various types of herpes.
4)Thrush in mouth and throat.

Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea is the oldest and most common form od STD.It affects genitals,urethra,ans,throat,

cervix.It is caused by gonococcus of Neisser. Gonorrhoea is transmitted through any form of sexual contact.Common use of victim's materials can also spread the disease.
Symptoms:
Painful and frequent urination occurs.
Yellowish pus-like discharge from the penis or vagina.
swelling occurs in the genitals and urethra.
Red spots appear around the genitals.
Gonorrhoea may cause female infertility.
Preventive measures:
Have sex with only one faithful partner i.e husband and wife.
Use sterile
Avoid common use of clothes and towels.
Follow the regular cleanliness of the genitals.
If husband or wife is infected, both of them should be treated

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases are a group of communicable diseases which are chiefly acquired through sexual contact.STDs include infections that were formerly known as veneral disease(VD).Among the STDs,Syphilis,Gonorrhea and AIDS are described as below.
1)Syphilis:
Syphillis is a contagious veneral disease.It mainly affects heart,liver and brain.It is caused by Treponema Pallidium.Syphilis is usually transmitted by sexual contacts,but it can also be accquired from a blood transfusion or can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to the fetus.
Symptoms:
The earliest sign of syphilis in its primary stage is a chancre.
The chancre usually heals within four to six weeks.
Secondary syphilis begins anywhere from one week to six month after the chancre heals.
The symptoms include a pale red rash,fever,sore throat,headaches,poor appetite,weight loss and hair loss.
Preventive Measures:
Educate people to develop awareness.
Have sex only between husband and wife.
Syphilis can be easily treated with the one injection of penicillin.

Common Cold

Common cold is an infectious disease which is rapidly transmitted from one person to another.This is caused by Filterable virus.When the patient sneezes and coughs the viruses comes out.These are usually mixed up with droplets,handkerchiefs and other materials which have been used by the patient.If one contact with with the virus she will be suffering from common cold.
Symptoms:
The patient feels irritation in throat and nose.
His/Her voice may change.
Watery eyes can be observed.
Nasal discharge may be frequently seen.
A little fever may be felt.
Preventive Measures:
The patient should take rest and keep in isolation.
Use personal handkerchief.
Take adequate liquid.
Take clothes according to weather.

Cholera

Cholera is an acute specific infection of the alimentary canal characterized by intense diarrhoea and vomiting.This is caused by Vibrio Cholera.This is a transmitted from man to man through faecally contaminated water,contaminated food and drinks and direct contact.
Symptoms:
The stool may have a rice water apperance.
The patient have intense thirst.
The muscles may be cramped.
Patient have sunken eyes and hollow chicks.
The urine output is decreased.
Preventive Measures:
Protect food from flies.
Use safe drinking water.
Use toilet properly.
Wash hand before eating and after using toilet.

Dysentry

If blood or mucus is seen in stool it is calld dysentry.The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and drinks.Basically,dysentry is of two types'Amoebic'and'Bascillary'.Both the disease are caused by separate agent.Therefore they are described separately.
1>Amoebic Dysentry:The diseases caused by Entamoeba Histolytica.
Symptoms:
The patient may feel abdominal pain.
Mucus is seen in stool.
The patient may feel week and thirsty.
2>Bascillary:The diseases is caused by Shigella Shiga and Flexneri.
Symptoms:
The patient may feel abdominal pain.
The one passes stool frequently.
Dehydratopn occurs.

Diarrhoea

If a child passes stool three or four times a day it is called diarrhoea.The main victims of this disease are children.About 45,000 children die each year with this disease in Nepal.Diarrhoea is caused mainly by Gartner bacillus,Entireties and E.coli.This is transmitted through faecially contaminated water,contaminated food and drinks and direct contact.Flies also act as a Mechanical carries.
Symptoms:
1>Watery is passed.
2>Sometimes Muscles may be cramped.
3>The patient may have complains of intense thirst.
4>Dehydration occurs due to frequent passes tp watery stool.
Preventive Measures:
1>Protect food from flies.
2>Used safe drinking water.
3>clean hands after toilet and before eating.
4>Vegetables and fruits should be properly washed before eating.

Symptoms And Preventive Measures Of Communicable Diseases

If one is attacked by infectious agents, he/she does not show the total symptoms at the moment.It takes times to spread.The duration of the diseases depends on its nature and it differs from disease to disease.Sometime we notice the same symptoms but we are attacked by different diseases,some disease may have similar symptoms,however there degree of intensity depends on many factor such as agents,environment and host,we describe here some important disease which are exixting in our society.
a)Round Worm:Round worm is cylindrical,10 to 30 cm long,infest the intestine.A female worm can lay about 100,000 eggs in a day.These eggs are passed in the faeces and become inactive in the soil in 3-4 weeks.When we ingest them into the doudenum they are developed in certain stages inside our body and grows as round worms.
Symptoms:
1>The children may feel nausea and abdomain pain.
2>Live worms are passed in the stool or vomited.
3>Physical development in children is retarded.

Communicable Diseases

Communicable disease is an illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic products.It is directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,animal to man,from the environment(though air,dust,soil,water,food,intermediate host,vector etc) to man.The major prequistes for the spread of communicable disease are give as follow.
1>Presence of infectious agents.
2>Presence of susceptible host.
3>Favourable environmental factors for its spread.

Introduction To Health Education:
a)Defination of health
The World Health Organaization(WHO) has defined health as "a state of physical,mental,and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".This defination emphasizes that a healthy person must be physically fit,mentally alert and socially adaptable which help to maintain his/her quality of life in his/her society.Health of individuals differs from each other.An individual may feel better in one aspect he/she may feel worse in the other aspect of health.Health is multidimensional.It cannot be described in a single word or in a phrase.Some of the charatcer of a healthy person are cheerfulness,a good appetite,sound sleep,free from diseases,free from internal conflicts,well adjusted,self control,self disciplined,sense of cooperative motive etc.

Need And Importance Of Health Education

We must be aware of our health;otherwise we have to face many health problems.If we go through the health profile of the world,lack of health education is the major factor for creating a problems.If we provide health education to the community,society,healthy attitudes and behaviours can be developed.The rate of some diseases like diarrhoea,cholera,typhoid,tuberculosis has affected the public health very much badly especiall in the asian country and list developed countrys of the world.Health education teaches us how these diseases can be prevented as well as treated properly.Therefore the importance of health education is increasing day by day.Change can only be possible through developing the level of awareness.Health educaion is one important factor to decrese the rate of many diseases in the world.

Introduction To Reproductive Health

To attain a good health is every body's basic right.A person must be healthy from all aspects including reproductive health point of view.Lack of knowledge on reproductive health adversely affects the total health of an individual.Therefore,people especially must be made aware of all these aspects.Reproductive and sexual health is an educational experience aimed at biological,psychological,socio-cultural and reproductive dimensions and to acquire skills in making responsible decisions and actions with regard to sexual and reproductive health behaviour.Reproductive and sexual health is not only concentrating its focus on the biology and anatomy of reproduction and sex,but also providing young people with information about reproductive health process.It also teaches young people about dating,boy-girl relationship,marriage and contraceptions.

Diseases

Disease is composed of two words "dis" and "ease" which means lack of ease or comfort.Webster has defined as "a condition in which body health is impaired,a departure from a state of health."The oxford english dictionary defines the term disease as" a condition of the body in which its functions are disturbed.'There are two types of disease they are communicable and non-communicable disease.

Communicable disease:communicable disease is an illness caused by a specific infectious agent or toxic products.It is directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man animal to man,from the environment to man.some of the name of disease are listed as Round Worm(ascarislumbricoides),Diarrhoea,Dysentry,Cholera,common cold etc.

Reproductive System

Living things can reproduce their ofspring.In human beings the process of reproduction is sexual reproduction.Male and female produce specialized reproductive germ cells.Males produce spermatozoa whereas the females Produce ova.If a sperm can meet the ovum in the fallopian tube,it becomes fertilized.The fertilized ovum grows and develops in the wall of uterus.After a fourty weeks of pregnency a child is born.The process of reproduction can be more easily understandable if we study about the male repoductive organs and female reproductive organs seperately.The male reproductive organs are Testes,Epididymic,Vas Deferens,Seminal V,uterus,Fallopian Tube and Ovaries.Reproduction plays a very much important role to give the continiuty of human beings existence in the world.If no reproduction no existence of human beings in the world.

Primary Health Care

Introduction To Primary Health Care

Health is a fundamental human right.The individual,community,the nation and the goverment all have to play their respective roles collectively and actively in achieving health.Majority of the world population is living in low-income group,which could not affort the modern technology of treatment.Therefore, they lack basic health facilities.It is estimated that more than half of the world population inhabiting mostly in rural areas,does not have acess to proper health care..This inequality can be seen between developed and developing countries as well as rural and urban areas within a country.It is not desirable and aceptable.Therefore new approach to health care came into existence in 1978,following an international conference at Alma-Ata(USSR).This is known as "Primary Health Care"The Alma-Ata conference defined primary health care as follows.Primary health care is an essential health care made universally acessible to individuals and acceptable to them,through their full participation and at a cost the community andcountry can afford.

Importance Of Primary Health Care

Different modes of health services practices have been adopted and enforced for several decades however the problems of health has remain the same especially in the developing nations.If we compare the present health status with the past,we cannot see the significant achievement in the health status.Therefore it is a matter of queston for the person involved in health sector.All the nation must develop their rural areas to develop the nation as whole.For this purpose they must be facilated with some acessible and acceptable services which result the inception of primary health care.

In conclusion,primary health care emphasizes its programme on self care of the individual.For this purpose,health education plays a vital role.The self care system is extended to families and the community.At the same time intersectrol collabration and the integration of primary health care with other organaization are equally important for sucess of the programme.

Safety Education

Safety education is provided to protect the people from accident.We hear accident everyday from media in any parts of the world.Most of the accident occurs due to the carelessness of the individuals.Safety education prevent us from such situation.Truly specking,safety is to act carefully in different condition.Therfore,the safety education is a process of translating in our behaviour that we experience to prevent from accidents.We get the knowledge of different conditions of accidents,the experience of safety measures to be followed to prevent accidents from safety education.In developed countries,the incidence of accidents is very high.Young boys are the main victim of the incident.Safety does not mean to make all the condition accident proof.Some working condition are risky in their nature;however we have to work in those conditions.Though,all the accidents are not preventable,however,we can reduce the incident if we behave carefully.

First Aid

Introduction To First Aid:

Despite the application of safety measures,accident occurs in different places and situation.The occurence of an accident is uexpected and unplanned which may involved injury .In many incindences immediate measures are necessary for to save life.The immediate care of emergency care is termed as First Aid.

First Aid is the assistence rendered at the time of emergency with such material as may be avaialable.First aid is not a medical treatment.Thereofore,the responsibility of a first aider ends as medical treatment is available.Some incidence can be cured by first aid treatment itself.Some of the characterstices of first aid treatment are as follow.

1>The injury is bound to have disatrous effect.

2>The victim should be kept to the medical treatment as quick as possible.

3>Management of comfortable situtation for the victim.